Such findings on emerging linguistic audiovisual integration could allow for distinguishing between children with typical and atypical reading development. To conclude, the ability to learn grapheme‐phoneme correspondences, the familial history of reading disability, and phonological awareness of prereading children account for the degree of audiovisual integration in a distributed brain network. Taken together, a short (<30 min) letter‐speech sound training initializes audiovisual integration in neural systems that are responsible for processing linguistic information in proficient readers. Finally, a late (650 ms) posterior negativity indicating audiovisual congruency of trained pairs was associated with increased fMRI activation in the left occipital cortex. In correspondence, a differential left‐lateralized parietooccipitotemporal ERP at 400 ms for trained pairs correlated with learning achievement and familial risk. Audiovisual integration of trained pairs correlated with individual learning rates in right superior temporal, left inferior temporal, and bilateral parietal areas and with phonological awareness in left temporal areas. Subsequently, we acquired simultaneously event‐related potentials (ERP) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans during implicit audiovisual presentation of trained and untrained pairs. Here, we simulated the process of learning letter‐speech sound correspondences in 20 prereading children (6.13–7.17 years) at varying risk for dyslexia by training artificial letter‐speech sound correspondences within a single experimental session. Up to now, it remains largely unknown how quickly neural networks adopt specific functions during audiovisual integration of linguistic information when prereading children learn letter‐speech sound correspondences. Finally, we propose additional recommendations to be included in dMIQE (Minimum information for publication of quantitative digital PCR experiments) guidelines when using ddPCR instruments.Learning letter‐speech sound correspondences is a major step in reading acquisition and is severely impaired in children with dyslexia. This large dataset was analyzed to evaluate technical optimizations and limitations. In our lab, thousands of samples and hundreds of target genes from genetically altered lines were examined using these methods. These methods were initially designed for mouse studies but also work for samples from other species like rat or human. A standard procedure for simultaneous DNA and RNA extraction adapted for mouse organs is also described.
The aim of these methods is to provide useful molecular tools for validating genetically altered animal models such as those subject to CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, as well for expression or CNV studies. Here, we present quantitative methods for DNA and RNA analysis using Bio-Rad QX100 or QX200 systems, respectively. It leads to the precise and reproducible quantification of DNA and RNA sequences. It is an evolution of PCR methodology incorporating two principal differences: a PCR reaction is performed in thousands of water-oil emulsion droplets and fluorescence is measured at the end of PCR amplification. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) is a recent method developed for the quantification of nucleic acids sequences.
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